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Comparison of Primary and Secondary Repellents for Aversive Conditioning of European Starlings

机译：欧洲椋鸟厌食调理的一级和二级驱虫剂比较

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Secondary repellents have been demonstrated to effectively reduce avian crop depredation. However, these compounds frequently are toxins and there are concerns about environmental safety. Many primary repellents are toxicologically and environmentally safer, but these chemicals are not as effective when traditional delivery methods are used. We set out to determine whether the difference in efficacy of primary vs. secondary repellents was due to differences in potency of the chemical classes or site of action within the animal. We hypothesized that the efficacy of primary repellents could be enhanced if they could be delivered directly to the gastrointestinal system, thus by-passing the peripheral senses. Our experiments were conducted on captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). We showed that by-pass of the peripheral senses via oral gavage enhanced the efficacy of 2 hydroxyacetophenone (2HAP), a primary repellent. However, we found that starlings were sensitive to changes in their visual environment, and that learned avoidance to a colored food cup could be mitigated by changing the cage door of the test system. Topical application of repellents to foods allowed starlings to selfmediate their exposure to the repellents. We found that methiocarb and methyl anthranilate (MA), a primary repellent, both induced food aversion learning, but 2HAP did not. Detailed analyses of feeding behavior elucidated the mechanistic differences between Methiocarb, MA, and 2HAP. Methiocarb induced gastrointestinal illness in starlings, which resulted in post-ingestive suppression of food intake, and subsequent food aversion learning. Some starlings with MA in their food also developed gastrointestinal illness, and food aversion learning. Starlings with 2HAP in their feed did exhibit reduced feeding efficiency, but these starlings did not develop gastrointestinal illness or food aversion learning. These experiments demonstrate that the location and intensity of illness are of paramount importance to induce food aversion learning.
机译：二级驱蚊剂已被证明可以有效减少禽类的掠食。然而，这些化合物经常是毒素，并且对环境安全性存在关注。许多主要的驱避剂在毒理学和环境方面都更安全，但是当使用传统的递送方法时，这些化学药品的效果却不如以前。我们着手确定主要驱避剂和次要驱避剂功效的差异是否是由于动物体内化学类别或作用部位的效力差异引起的。我们假设，如果将主要驱避剂直接递送到胃肠系统，从而绕过周围的感觉，它们的功效会得到增强。我们的实验是在圈养的欧洲八哥（Sturnus vulgaris）上进行的。我们表明，通过口腔管饲法绕过了周围的感觉，增强了主要的驱避剂2羟基苯乙酮（2HAP）的功效。但是，我们发现star鸟对其视觉环境的变化很敏感，并且可以通过改变测试系统的笼门来减轻对有色食物杯的学习避免。驱虫剂在食品上的局部施用使star鸟能够自我调节其与驱虫剂的接触。我们发现，甲硫威和邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯（MA）是一种主要的驱避剂，都可以诱导食物反感，但是2HAP却不能。进食行为的详细分析阐明了Methiocarb，MA和2HAP之间的机理差异。甲硫威在八哥中引起胃肠道疾病，导致在消化后抑制食物摄入，并导致随后的食物厌恶学习。食物中含有马来酸的一些star鸟也会发展胃肠道疾病，并会厌食食物。饲料中含2HAP的八哥确实表现出降低的饲喂效率，但是这些八哥没有发展成胃肠道疾病或对食物的厌恶学习。这些实验表明，疾病的位置和强度对于诱导食物厌恶性学习至关重要。

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